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A steel worker of the kuznetsk iron and steel works, ussr, 1930s.

Blast furnace operators of the magnitogorsk iron and steel works, ussr, 1947.

Stakhanov peace watch, y, motorov, steel melter of the sickle and hammer mill in moscow, ussr, 1950.

Women workers at the stalingrad tractor works, ussr, 1940s.

Workers studying diagrams indicating the output accomplished at the blast furnace shop of the magnitogorsk iron and steel works.

Nina shmeleva, the first woman working as a railshoe-brakeman at the leningrad railroad yards, ussr, 1940.

Workers of the krasny oktyabr iron and steel works back at work at the restored plant in stalingrad, ussr, 1940s.

Young miners of the kuznetsk coal mining district, ussr, 1947.

Chapai sozayev working in a mine in the 'krasnaya shapochka' (red riding hood) bauxite bed in the northern urals, ussr, 1947.

Soviet miner grigory nyrobtsev at work in the lenin coal mine in the molotov region, ussr, 1947.

The novolipetsk iron and steel mills under construction near the kursk magnetic anomaly, the plant will be the major metal supplier for the central and southern regions of the european part of the country, late 1940s.

Detail of an aluminum model of the magnitogorsk steel works at the ussr pavillion of the 1939 world's fair in new york.

SOVIET STEEL WORKS, 1930s.

Women drying grain on a kolkhoz (collective farm) in the soviet union, 1930s.

Panorama (1 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Panorama (2 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Panorama (3 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Vasili kochetov with fellow coal miners in a mine at the tula coal fields, ussr, 1930s.

A statue of joseph stalin in the garden of victory square in the industrial city of stalinsk, the iron and steel plant is in the background, spewing smoke, early 1950s.

Nikita khrushchev, accompanied by a, mikoyan, suslov (behind khrushchev, left), and trofim lysenko (wearing cap, left) on a visit to the scientific-experimental base 'lenin hills' of the institute of genetics of the academy of sciences of the ussr, 1962.

Mining family, alexander ivanovich torba (3rd from left) and his three sons (l to r), vladimir, nikolai, and viktor, at the start of their shift at the 'nikitovka' mine no, 4-5 in gorlovka, stalino region, ukrainian ssr, 1954.

Members of the diplomatic corps with friends and family in red square, watching a demonstration, mrs, joseph davies, wife of the american ambassador to the ussr, is in the center (w/ light hat & cape), 1930s.

Soviet leader nikita khrushchev (left) and u,s, vice-president richard nixon at the opening of the u,s, trade and technology exhibition in moscow, ussr, 1959, the famous kitchen debate, leonid brezhnev, second from right, front.

War time restoration of the krasnodar machine tool manufacturing plant is under way, a vertical boring and turning machine, assembled by a, bershadsky and his crew, is completed 20 days ahead of schedule, ussr 1940s.

A steam locomotive on the trans-siberian railroad in the krasnoyarsk region of russia in the 1890s, the first train in krasnoyarsk.

Participants in the annual physiacal culture parade standing under a portrait of joseph stalin near red square in moscow, ussr, 1930s.

Workers brigades removing grain hidden by kulaks in stavropol, ussr, 1930.

Journalists william strang (?) and a,j, cummings at the metro-vickers show trials, april 12 - 19, 1933.

Joseph stalin (front, left) sits with k,e, voroshilov at a conference of best combine workers and soviet government, left to right, back: a,a, andreyev, l,m, kaganovich, v,j, chubar, ussr, 1930s.

Behind the scenes at the grand opera and ballet theater of the ussr, ballet dancers at a rehearsal, january 1947.

A statue of joseph stalin on the grounds of the mariupol steel mill, ukraine, ussr, 1940.

Trofim lysenko, the president of the lenin academy of agricultural sciences, measuring the growth of wheat on one of the kolkhoz fields near odessa, ukrainian ssr, 1930s.

Post-war donbass heals it's wounds, setting up a cylindrical head-frame, designed by engineer zherbin, at the dzerzhinsky colliery no, 12 in donbass, ussr, 1940s.

A meeting of the working people of the molotov election district of moscow, held here on the occasion of vyacheslav molotov's consent to stand for elections in this district, ussr, february 1950.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, chairman of the state planning commission of the ussr, speaking at the joint session of the supreme soviet of the ussr and the soviet of nationalities, seated behind him on the presidium are (l to r): ch, aslanova and p, levitsky, vice-chairmen of the soviet of nationalities, a, zhdanov, chairman of the soviet of the union, t, lysenko and n, undasynov, vice-chairmen of the soviet of the union.

A crew of young women workers, headed by mari volkova (right), have just finished their shift and are reading the results of the high output competition, volkova and her girlfriends are in second place, the heading of the 'exhibition board' reads 'fulfillment quota for oil output from, ,,', 1940s.

A post-war meeting of workers at the kirov factory discussing plans for production necessary to complete the five-year-plan in four, this factory has been decorated three times, leningrad, ussr, 1946.

40th anniversary of the gorky academic art theater of the ussr in moscow, people's artist of the ussr, leonid leonidov, at work on his production of maxim gorky's play 'dostigayev and others', october 1938.

The entrance hall of the ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york.

The first soviet steam-and-internal combustion locomotive with it's inventor and chief builders, november 1939, (left to right) d, lvov, l, maizel (inventor), and p, soroka.

Sergei mironovich kirov, the study of kirov's apartment in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

L, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, late 1930s.

Automobiles (1929 ford type) leaving the assembly line of the molotov auto plant in gorky, ussr, 1930s.

Reading a newspaper during a break in the harvest at a collective farm in the ukraine in the 1930s.

The most popular business suit this season is worn with a warm vest of harmonizing color,' moscow, ussr, late 1950s or early 1960s.

All of the accused, soviet and british, which included allan monkhouse, leslie thornton, gregory, william macdonald, cushing and nordwall, the woman among them is anna kutuzova, metro-vickers show trials, april 12 - 19, 1933.

Steel being let out from an open-hearth furnace at the duplex shop of the chussovaya steel works in the molotov region, this is the ural's first duplex shop with bessemer and open-hearth furnaces, february 1947.

Cathedral of christ the savior, moscow, ussr, early 1930s, shell of the cathedral blown up as part of anti-religion campaign, later site of moskva municipal swimming pool.

10th century, a prince and his bodyguard gathering tribute from the people, the prince's servant kept account and recorded the amount of tribute brought in on a tablet.

Two women looking at coats and hats on display in a window of the central department store in moscow, 1940s.

Leon trotsky, people's commissar for military and naval affairs, at a military parade in red square in honor of the third congress of the communist interantion (third international), moscow, soviet union, 1920.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949, (left to right: suslov, mao zedong, bulganin, stalin, vassilevsky, and khrushchev).

State prosecutor, andrei vyshinsky reading the charges at a purge trial in the late 1930's.

Corner of 25th october prospect (nevsky prospect) and july 3rd street (sadovaya street) in leningrad, early 1930s.

Alexander molodchenko (center) with fellow miners at the kaganovich mines in the krivoi rog fields, ussr, 1949.

Soviet ballet dancer, natalia dudinskaya, as bayadere at the leningrad theater of opera and ballet, 1930s.

Komsomolskaya square, moscow, 1935, in the background: leningradsky (left) and yaroslavsky (right) rail terminals with a metro station between them, in the right foreground is a corner of the kazansky terminal.

Acedemician trofim lysenko, who was elected vice-chairman of the soviet of the union during the first session of the supreme soviet of the ussr in 1938.

Bulganin's picnic party for foreign diplomats and journalists visiting moscow, us ambassador charles bohlen having a friendly chat with the chairman of the council of ministers of the ussr, n,a, bulganin while walking in the garden, moscow, august 1955.

Soviet army dance ensemble performing 'during a halt' in moscow, ussr in the 1950s.

L, beria, g, malenkov, and a,mikoyan on the rostrum on lenin's tomb during a may day demonstration in red square, moscow, ussr, may 1, 1949.

Oil fields of baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1920s.

M, i, kalinin, president of the central executive committee of the ussr, awarding the order of the red banner of labor to grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze), the people's commissar of heavy industry, for over-fulfilling the production plan of 1935.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze), chairman of the supreme economic council of the ussr, 1920s.

Marshal mikhail n, tukhachevsky, assistant people's commissar for defense of the ussr, 1933.

A family strolling under the benificent gaze of a sculpture of josef stalin, 'the great continuer of lenin's cause' on one of the central thoroughfares of stalinogorsk, in the moscow coal basin, ussr, 1950.

Admiral n,g, kuznetsov, people's commissar of the navy, soviet minister of the navy, 1950s, ussr.

Lev landau (front row, right), soviet nobel prize-winning physicist at a celebration honoring him on his birthday, second left: nils bohr, president of danish academy of sciences, moscow, ussr.

A special meeting of the stalin prize committee held at the moscow art theater where badges and diplomas were being presented to the soviet artists and writers who had been awarded stalin prizes for outstanding works completed in 1945, stalin prize laureate solomon mikhoels is congratulating the prize winners, may 1947.

Rear admiral ivan pananin, chief administrator of the northern sea route, 1944, world war 2, ussr, famous leader of 1930s soviet polar expeditions.

Street scene with moscow hotel on the right, moscow, 1930s.

Men and women workers in a farm machine factory, rostov-on-don, soviet union, 1930.

Soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin with khrushchev on the rostrum on lenin's tomb in red square, moscow, ussr, 1961.

Kv-1 (klement voroshilov) tank, a group of civilians and red army men watch a new kv-1 tank that has just left the factory and will soon be on its way to the front, ussr, world war 2.

Housing construction in moscow in the 1950s, ussr.

The bath house' by vladimir mayakovsky, a scene from act 6, produced by v, meyerhold at the meyerhold state theatre, moscow, ussr, 1930.

Mao tse-tung (zedong), chairman of the people's republic of china, speaking at the jubilee session of the ussr supreme soviet dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the october revolution, moscow, 1957.

Bejetzk district, moscow province, bejetzk machine and tractor station that serves collective farms by renting them machinery and giving advice on crops, (late 1920s/early 1930s) .

Anna kutuzova, a secretary at metropolitan vickers and a co-defendant, metro-vickers show trials, april 12 - 19, 1933.

Nevsky prospect, leningrad, ussr, 1952.

Georgy vasilyevich chicherin (1872 - 1936), statesman, people's commissar of foreign affairs of the ussr.

Delegates to 11th young communist league (komsomol) congress at the kremlin palace of congresses, moscow, ussr, 1949.

People's artist of the republic, raphael adelheim, ussr, march 1938.

Walter duranty (front row, center), public prosecutor vyshinski is standing and a,j cummings, news chronicle is to his right, metro-vickers show trials, april 12 - 19, 1933.

Worker figure being assembled out of stainless steel as part of a giant statue designed by v,i, mukhin also featuring a collective farm girl, the statue is being built for the soviet pavillion at the world exposition in paris, 1937.

Technicians in protective suits lift empty case of chemical air bomb out of a discharge chamber after the chemical agent was drained, soviet military base of shikhany, saratov region, ussr, october 4th 1987, diplomats and military experts from 45 countries witnessed a mass decommiss-ioning of chemical weapons.

Russian civil war, kalinin and s, budonny (budenny), commander of the first cavalry army, at the vrangel front in october 1920, with cavalry troops.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, vice-chairman of the council of ministers and chairman of the state planning committee of the ussr, march 1948.

Youth of the world' a part of the sculptural composition, cast in bronze, 'the struggle for peace' produced in the studios of the academy of arts of the ussr under the guidance of people's artist of the rsfsr, m, manizer, 1951.

Joseph stalin with two young women collective farm workers from tadjikistan soviet republic at a conference of cotton farm workers, january 1936, ussr.

S, budenny, s, timoshenko, and k, voroshilov, a group portrait from 1919, at that time, voroshilov was a member of the military council of the first mounted army (cavalry), budenny was the commander of that army, and timoshenko was division commander in the army.

Afghan air force mikoyan-gurevich mig-15 fighters and ilyushin il-28 bombers at kabul, afghanistan, during the visit of the u,s, president dwight d, eisenhower, 9-14 december 1959.

Behind the scenes at the grand opera and ballet theater of the ussr, soviet ballet dancer, g, ulanova, in her dressing room, january 1947.

Moscow, late 1930s, a trolley-bus going past the french embassy building.

Tunguska meteorite, the valley of the churgima stream, 4km south of where the meteorite fell in 1908, the hills are covered with fallen and burnt trees and young growth, this picture was taken during professor leonid kulik's 1938 expedition to investigate the event.

A model of the bratsk hydro-electric power plant on display at the ussr agricultural exhibition and the ussr industrial exhibition in moscow, 1957, the plant has a capacity of 204,000 kw, at the time, the world's most powerful.

A demonstration / parade of the working people in red square in moscow on november 7, 1950, the sportsmen are carrying soviet flags and an image of stalin.

Comrade solovyov, the secretary of the communist party branch at the krasny putilovets plant, undergoing questioning duing the campaign to cleanse the cp of hostile elements, leningrad, 1933, the banner reads: 'a communist is obliged to be truthful and honest before the party'.

The gorky machine tool works is functioning again in kiev, complex automatic multi-spindle machine tools are assembled in this shop of the gorky works, october 1947.

Soviet socialist realism, painting of heroic women workers shoveling coal in a rail yard, ussr, 1950s.

Top - a view of gori, the town in georgia where joseph stalin was born, december 21, 1879, bottom - the house in which stalin was born and spent his childhood, right - a group of gori school children, stalin is on the lower right.

Soviet premier, nikita khrushchev, showing photographs of objects found in the u2 spy plane that was shot down over soviet territory on may 1st, 1960, joint session of council of the union and council of nationalities, kremlin, moscow, may 7th, 1960.

A scene from a film version of 'hamlet' directed by grigori kozintsev and starring innokenti smoktunovsky, the score was composed by dimitry shostakovich, hamlet with yorick's skull.

Sergei mironovich kirov, the study of kirov's apartment in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

Council of women's international democratic federation holds session in moscow, november 1949, eslanda robeson, vice-president of the american women's congress, and people's artist of the uzbek republic temars khanum, during the intermission between sittings of the session.

The district newspaper 'collective farmers' is being produced in the fields of the 'lenin's way' collective farm in the village of vilshanka in the shashkovsky district of the kiev region in ukraine in the 1930s.

Propaganda photo of josef stalin as benevolent father figure with eleven year old mamlakat nakhangova, a schoolgirl from the lakhuti collective farm, stalinabad region, tajikistan soviet republic, kremlin palace, moscow, ussr, december 1935.

Workers laying track for the turkistano-siberian railroad line (1927-1930).

The urals engineering works has started manufacturing the e-3 excavators, a post-war model, july 1947.

Private farmers discussing the decision of the communist party to grant preferential treatment to collective farmers, 1930.

People listening to a speach of a people's commissar being played on a gramaphone, 1920, propaganda train bringing movies and recordings to to reach and instruct the peasantry.

Spasso house, the residence of the us ambassador to the soviet union, walter b, smith, in moscow, ussr, late 1940s.

A jewish kolkhoz in stalindorf - national jewish district, ukraine, ussr, on the jewish kolkhoz 'combine', the oldest and most experienced collective farmers are leaving for the fields to act as inspectors.

Young moscow women in a beauty salon, moscow, ussr, 1958.

The book palace, nevsky prospect, leningrad, ussr, august 1947.

Soviet sailors swimming with floats with portraits of stalin in celebration of ussr navy day, sevastopol, ussr, july, 1950.

A meeting of representatives of jewish people held in moscow on august 24, 1941, (l to r) poet perets markish, novelist david bergelson, people's artist of the ussr professor solomon mikhoels, and writer ilya ehrenburg.

Joseph stalin and vyacheslav molotov at the opening celebrations of the moscow metro (subway) in 1935.

Famous arcade passage way of gum, state department store on red square, moscow, ussr, 1935, a photograph by visiting american photographer and journalist julien bryan.

People's assessor of the supreme court of the ussr, major-general alexander zakharov, he played a prominent role in trial of u2 spy plane pilot francis gary powers, ussr, 1960.

Assembly line of machine tool plant (factory) 'ivo lola ribar' at zeljeznik, near belgrade, serbia, yugoslavia, mid 1960s.

Moscow, october 7, 1939, chairman of the presidium of the ussr supreme soviet mikhail kalinin awards heroes of the battles on the khalkhin-gol river, from left to right: heroes of the soviet union s, p, denisov, i, n, dushkin, k, n, abramov, n, s, gerasimov, v, i, shevchenko and i, a, lakeyev.

Professor leonid kulik who, in 1938, led a scientific expedition into the siberian taiga to investigate the site of the tunguska meteorite.

People's comissariat of home trade of ussr on kirov street in moscow, october 1935.

Us ambassador to the soviet union, walter b, smith, about to enter his car in front of spasso house, the residence of american ambassadors in moscow, ussr, late 1940s.

Soviet women being taught to read and write during a literacy drive in the early 1930s, ussr.

Walter ulbricht, first secretary of the socialist unity party (sed) central committee and gdr state council chairman, dancing with soviet cosmonaut valentina tereshkova during the 'cosmonaut ball' in honor of tereshkova and gagarin, berlin, gdr, october 19, 1963.

The entrance to the national hotel in moscow, february 1947, the moscow hotel is on the other side of the street.

Nikita khrushchev speaking at the kremlin in 1961, moscow, ussr.

Us ambassador w, averell harriman with mikhail kalinin, president of the presidium of the supreme soviet of the ussr on october 23, 1943, when harriman presented his credentials, moscow.

A young russian couple walk through the halls of a moscow museum, art gallery, ussr, 1960s.

Joseph stalin, around 1939, in his office in the kremlin, moscow, ussr.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949, (left to right: chairman mao zedong; armed forces minister marshal n,a, bulganin; and stalin).

Factory workers drilling with guns in their free time in the USSR.

Hierarchs of the russian orthodox church and members of the holy synod who were the real power behind the russian throne, (late 1800s or early 1900s).

The church of christ the savior in moscow, 1920s.

A stewardess and passengers aboard a tu-114 airliner (at the time, the world's largest), 1959.

Trial of u2 spy plane pilot francis gary powers, moscow, ussr, august, 1960, powers' parents and wife (right) listen to the proceedings.

Allan monkhouse and nordwall, metro-vickers show trials, april 12 - 19, 1933.

The ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york.

Ural industrial area, a worker handling finished products at the chelyabinsk pipe factory, this shop was completed and turning out finished products in the course of four months in 1942.

Anti-religious demonstration called the komsomol christmas organized by the young communist league (komsomol), moscow, ussr, 1923.

Scene from 'ivan the terrible' (1944-45), film by sergei eisenstein, nikolai cherkassov (left) as tsar ivan the terrible, ussr.

A column of german pow's on their way to a gathering depot in berlin, germany at the end of world war 2, 1945.

A column of german pow's on their way to a gathering depot in berlin, germany at the end of world war 2, 1945.

American revolutionary writer and reporter john reed in moscow, ussr, around 1920.

Women factory workers, soviet union, 1930s.

Harvest time on a collective farm in the ussr, august 1947, trucks from the stalin collective farm in the stavropol territory taking grain to the state elevator, the banner reads 'first bread goes to the state'.

Major-general of artllery, dmitri vorobyov, people's assessor of the supreme court of the ussr, he played a prominent role at the trial of u2 spy plane pilot francis gary powers, 1960.

Soviet ballet dancer, marina kondryateva, in the title role in laurencia, alexander krein's ballet based on a play by lope de vega, 1950s (?).

Lenin's funeral, members of the politburo (joseph stalin, left front) carrying the casket into the crypt near the kremlin wall in red square, moscow, january 1924.

Lenin's funeral, members of the politburo carrying the casket into the crypt near the kremlin wall in red square, moscow, january 1924.

Alexander kerensky's last speech at the pre-parliament on november 6, 1917, the day before the break-out of the socialist revolution.

A group of school children in gori, georgia in the 1890s, stalin is on the lower right.

A young family passing by the windows of the lyudmila shop in tchkalov street in moscow, 1950s.

Josef stalin (right) with felix dzherzhinsky, founder of the cheka (first soviet secret police), late 1920s? .

Yak-3 fighter planes being built at the 'x' aircraft works in august of 1944, world war ll.

Soviet premier, nikita khrushchev, at an exhibition of the wreckage of downed u2 spy plane piloted by francis gary powers on may 1, 1960.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, chairman of the state planning commission and vice-chairman of the council of people's commissars, january 1938.

Us ambassador llewellyn thompson with nikolai blokhin (left) at the friendship house in moscow during a memorial meeting in honor of franklin delano roosevelt's 80th birthday, february 1962.

The delegation from the chinese people's republic, headed by mao zedong, arriving at vnukovo airport in moscow and being greeted by nikita khrushchev, november 2, 1957, they have come to participate in the celebrations of the 40th anniversary of the great october socialist revolution.

A woman trying on shoes in the footware department of a moscow department store, december 1947.

Ceremony at the bolshoi theater celebrating joseph stalin's 70th birthday, seated, from left to right, are togliatti, budenni, kaganovich, suslov, mao tse-tung (zedong), bulganin, stalin, vassilevsky, khrushchev, ibarruri, georgiu-dej,shvernik, and malenkov, december 1949.

A soldier standing guard over a long line of american trucks at a lend-lease depot in iran, the trucks arrived and were assembled in the persian port and are now awaiting shipment to the soviet union.

A general view of kurejka (1939) in the turukhansk district of the krasnoyarsk territory, where joseph stalin was exiled by the tsarist government 1913 - 1917.

Moscow on the eve of may day, a couple placing an order for the holidays at the home delivery department of 'gastronom' food shop no, 2, april 1952.

Vyacheslav m, molotov on his way to a meeting of the moscow session of the ministers council, march 14, 1947, the car is an armored american packard.

A view of gori, the town in georgia where joseph stalin was born, december 21, 1879.

Moscow residents lining up at a canteen of the moscow public catering committee in 1921.

V,i, lenin, m,i, kalinin, i,v, stalin in a group of delegates of the 8th meeting of the bolshevik communist party in moscow, march 1919.

Scene from 'ivan the terrible' (1944-45), film by sergei eisenstein, nikolai cherkassov (left) as tsar ivan the terrible, ludmilla tselikovskaya as the tsarina, ussr.

Soviet ballerina, r, struchkova, as princess aurora in a new production of tchaikovsky's 'sleeping beauty', april 1952, conducted by y, faier, choreographed by a, messerer and m, gabovich, scenery by m, obolensky.

A party meeting at the 'paris commune' plant in moscow during the campaign to cleanse the communist party of hostile elements, september 1933.

Council of women's international democratic federation holds session in moscow, november 1949, eslanda robeson, vice-president of the american women's congress, addressing the session.

A scene from a film version of 'hamlet' directed by grigori kozintsev and starring innokenti smoktunovsky, the score was composed by dimitry shostakovich.

Latvian peasant, j, karklin receiving a deed entitling him to free and permanent holdings of land, july 1945.

Monument to joseph stalin in front of the mechanization pavillion of the all-union agricultural exhibit in moscow, 1941, people's commissar of agriculture of the ussr, i, benediktov, spoke at the meeting during the inauguration which had an attendance of in excess of 50,000 people.

Malnourished croatian and bosnian muslim prisoners of war in manjaca, the largest serbian concentration camp, serbia, 1992.

With the eyes of glasnost' sign reads: 'glasnost' cartoon from krokodil magazine p, kulichin and g, sochi.

Nikita khrushchev, chairman of the ussr council of ministers, making an appearance on american television during his visit to the united states at the invitation of president eisenhower in september 1959.

A,i, mikoyan with walter ulbricht, first deputy prime minister of the gdr, during his visit to east germany in april 1958.

Nina lobkovskaya in war and peace, like all young girls, nina loves pretty clothes, here she is trying on a dress during a shopping trip, if it were not for her uniform with its decorations hanging nearby, no one would guess that she has been through the war, 1940s.

Vladimir ilyich ulyanov (lenin) with fellow members of the st, petersburg 'league of struggle for the emancipation of the working class', st, petersburg, 1897, (left to right) standing - a,l, malchenko, p,k, zaporozhets, a,a, vaneye; seated - v,v, starkov, g,m, krzhizhanovsky, v,i, ulyanov, y,o, martov-tsederbaum, they styled themselves as 'old marxists', had years of revolutionary experience, and some of them had been in prison.

Sergei mironovich kirov, kirov's study at the smolny in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

A scene from a film version of 'hamlet' directed by grigori kozintsev and starring innokenti smoktunovsky, the score was composed by dimitry shostakovich, ophelia is being played by anastsia vertinskaya.

Joseph stalin at a may day celebration with first grade student vera kondakova, may 1, 1952, she stepped out of a column of pioneers and presented the premier with a bouquet of flowers.

A group of young russian ladies play a game of blind man's buff, russia, late 19th, early 20th century.

50 meter high monument to josef stalin erected in the armenian capital of yerevan, 1951, the monument was built by sculptor and people's artist of the ussr, s, merkurov and architect, r, izraelian who were both awarded the stalin prize for their efforts.

The all-union agricultural exhibition in moscow, august 1939, visitors to the exhibition examining specimens of a couch-grass / wheat hybrid (developed by member of the academy of sciences, tsitsin) at the demonstration field of the grain pavillion, in the background is a newly erected statue of stalin.

The reading of charges at a trial of social revolutionary leaders (purge trial), moscow, 1922.

The defendants of a purge trial of menshevik counter-revolutionaries in moscow, 1931.

Rozaliya zemlyachka (seated with glasses) during a purge trial at a co-operative in moscow, 1933, a leading bolshevik party member, she was one of the organizers of the 'red terror' during the civil war, she was responsible for the execution of thousands of white guard officers in the crimea after it was occupied by the red army in 1921.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze), people's commissar of heavy industry with josef stalin welcoming a delegation from the georgian soviet socialist republic to moscow on march 19, 1936.

Mobile nurseries like this one accompany women collective farmers in the fields during the busy harvest season (1930s), ussr.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze) speaking and giving details of the program for developement of basic industries under the new five-year-plan at the congress of the russian communist party.

Nikolai shvernik reading the sentence handed down by the supreme court at a trial of menshevik counter-revolutionaries in moscow, 1931.

Lev termin (leon theremin) playing the musical synthesizer he invented, the termenvox (theremin), 1930s.

Assembly of apartment buildings from factory-made parts in khoroshevskoye highway, moscow, ussr, 1951.

Valerian v, kuybyshev (1888-1935), soviet politician, chairman of supreme council of the national economy (1928-1930).

Les soirs' by emile verhaeren, staged by v, meyerhold and bebutov at the first rsfsr theatre, art director: v, dmitriev, premiered november 7, 1920, ussr.