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Russian theater, dance, and art impresario, sergei diaghilev in the 1920s.

Russian civil war, kalinin and s, budonny (budenny), commander of the first cavalry army, at the vrangel front in october 1920, with cavalry troops.

Soviet ballet dancer, natalia dudinskaya, as bayadere at the leningrad theater of opera and ballet, 1930s.

Sergei eisenstein (1898-1948), russian (soviet) film director.

Baron roman feodorovich ungern-sternberg, white russian commander of anti-bolshevik forces in mongolia and lake baikal region, 1886-1921, captured in irkutsk and executed by the bolsheviks, the mad baron, the bloody baron, russian civil war.

Behind the scenes at the grand opera and ballet theater of the ussr, soviet ballet dancer, g, ulanova, in her dressing room, january 1947.

Leon trotsky, people's commissar for military and naval affairs, at a military parade in red square in honor of the third congress of the communist interantion (third international), moscow, soviet union, 1920.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949, (left to right: suslov, mao zedong, bulganin, stalin, vassilevsky, and khrushchev).

The church of christ the savior in moscow, 1920s.

A statue of joseph stalin in the garden of victory square in the industrial city of stalinsk, the iron and steel plant is in the background, spewing smoke, early 1950s.

S, budenny, s, timoshenko, and k, voroshilov, a group portrait from 1919, at that time, voroshilov was a member of the military council of the first mounted army (cavalry), budenny was the commander of that army, and timoshenko was division commander in the army.

Nina lobkovskaya in war and peace, like all young girls, nina loves pretty clothes, here she is trying on a dress during a shopping trip, if it were not for her uniform with its decorations hanging nearby, no one would guess that she has been through the war, 1940s.

Cheap meals being distributed among moscow workers in the early 1920s.

Vsevolod meyerhold, russian theater director, 1922-23, soviet union.

Ceremony at the bolshoi theater celebrating joseph stalin's 70th birthday, seated, from left to right, are togliatti, budenni, kaganovich, suslov, mao tse-tung (zedong), bulganin, stalin, vassilevsky, khrushchev, ibarruri, georgiu-dej,shvernik, and malenkov, december 1949.

Sergei mironovich kirov, the study of kirov's apartment in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

Battleship potemkin' (1925), film by director sergei eisenstein, the famous scene where tsarist soldiers fire on demonstrators on the odessa steps (1905).

A group of school children in gori, georgia in the 1890s, stalin is on the lower right.

Chairman s, muromtsev, a member of the constitutional-democratic party, speaking at a sitting of the first state duma (russian parliament) in 1906.

Sergei mironovich kirov, kirov's apartment in leningrad (view from the dining room, through the library,towards the study), 1939.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, chairman of the state planning commission and vice-chairman of the council of people's commissars, january 1938.

Sergei mironovich kirov, kirov's funeral procession in red square seen from the kremlin wall, december 1934.

An amateur folk chorus singing in manezh square in moscow on the occasion of j,v, stalin's 70th birthday, december 21, 1949, 'glory to the great stalin' written in lights behind them.

People listening to a speach of a people's commissar being played on a gramaphone, 1920, propaganda train bringing movies and recordings to to reach and instruct the peasantry.

Soviet ballerina, r, struchkova, as princess aurora in a new production of tchaikovsky's 'sleeping beauty', april 1952, conducted by y, faier, choreographed by a, messerer and m, gabovich, scenery by m, obolensky.

Sergei eisenstein, famous russian (soviet) film director, eisenstein on location holding a skull prop.

Two women looking at coats and hats on display in a window of the central department store in moscow, 1940s.

10th century, a prince and his bodyguard gathering tribute from the people, the prince's servant kept account and recorded the amount of tribute brought in on a tablet.

Tunguska meteorite, the valley of the churgima stream, 4km south of where the meteorite fell in 1908, the hills are covered with fallen and burnt trees and young growth, this picture was taken during professor leonid kulik's 1938 expedition to investigate the event.

Bolshevik leader sergei mironovich kirov speaking at the 17th congress of the all-union communist party of bolsheviks in february 1934.

Joseph stalin and kliment voroshilov (left) in 1920.

Sergei mironovich kirov, 1934.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949, (left to right: chairman mao zedong; armed forces minister marshal n,a, bulganin; and stalin).

Russian singer fyodor shalyapin and sergey rakhmaninov in the early 1900s.

Boris pasternak (1890-1960), russian poet and novelist, author of 'doctor zhivago'.

Inside the studio of materials, volume, and construction (the former academy of arts) in petrograd, 1920s.

Josef stalin (right) with felix dzherzhinsky, founder of the cheka (first soviet secret police), late 1920s? .

Vladimir lenin, leo trotsky, and lev kamenev on sverdlovsk square in moscow, may 1920.

Russian composer, sergei v, rachmaninov, looking over a manuscript at his piano in the late 1920s.

Behind the scenes at the grand opera and ballet theater of the ussr, ballet dancers at a rehearsal, january 1947.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze), chairman of the supreme economic council of the ussr, 1920s.

New growth on an old tree 20 km to the east of the blast center that was burnt and damaged in 1908 by the tunguska meteorite, prior to that, it was dense forest, this picture was taken during professor leonid kulik's 1938 expedition to investigate the event.

Vladimir nemirovich-danchenko (1858-1943), actor, director, co-founder with stanislavsky of the moscow art theatre.

Vladimir nemirovich-danchenko (1858-1943), actor, director, co-founder with stanislavsky of the moscow art theatre.

Scene from 'ivan the terrible' (1944-45), film by sergei eisenstein.

The monument to the third international (tatlin's tower) by vladimir tatlin, the model of the proposed tower in the studio of materials, volume, and construction (the former academy of arts) in petrograd, 1920.

The monument to the third international (tatlin's tower) by vladimir tatlin, the model of the proposed tower in the studio of materials, volume, and construction (the former academy of arts) in petrograd, 1920.

The monument to the third international (tatlin's tower) by vladimir tatlin, the model of the proposed tower in the studio of materials, volume, and construction (the former academy of arts) in petrograd, 1920.

Les soirs' by emile verhaeren, staged by v, meyerhold and bebutov at the first rsfsr theatre, art director: v, dmitriev, premiered november 7, 1920, ussr.

Sergei mironovich kirov at the construction site of the stalin white sea - baltic canal, june 1932.

Admiral n,g, kuznetsov, people's commissar of the navy, soviet minister of the navy, 1950s, ussr.

Scene from 'ivan the terrible' (1944-45), film by sergei eisenstein, nikolai cherkassov (left) as tsar ivan the terrible, ussr.

Marshal mikhail n, tukhachevsky, assistant people's commissar for defense of the ussr, 1933.

Moscow, late 1930s, a trolley-bus going past the french embassy building.

Street scene with moscow hotel on the right, moscow, 1930s.

Crime and punishment' novel by fyodor dostoyevsky, feodor konstantinov's illustration (woodcut), 1945.

Pavel ivanovich chichikov, a character in gogol's 'dead souls', illustration by a, leptev, 1952.

People's comissariat of home trade of ussr on kirov street in moscow, october 1935.

A monument to josef stalin, designed by sculptor sergei merkurov, standing at the entrance to the moskva-volga canal.

Russian singer fyodor shalyapin in the 1930s.

Alexander ostrovsky, famous russian playwright.

Red army soldier guarding a factory in the 1920s.

Joseph stalin (front, left) sits with k,e, voroshilov at a conference of best combine workers and soviet government, left to right, back: a,a, andreyev, l,m, kaganovich, v,j, chubar, ussr, 1930s.

The entrance hall of the ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york.

Alexander kerensky, leader of the provisional government, in his office in the winter palace, petrograd, 1917.

The arch of triumph on kutuzovskiy prospect in moscow, 1934.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, vice-chairman of the council of ministers and chairman of the state planning committee of the ussr, march 1948.

Prince of kiev, yaroslav the wise (1019 1054), sculpture reconstructed from the skull by m,m, gerasimov, the anthropologist, from the collection of the state historical museum in moscow, 1957.

Workers laying track for the 400-mile abakan-taishet railroad through the sayan mountains in siberia, 1960.

Workers laying track for the 400-mile abakan-taishet railroad through the sayan mountains in siberia, 1960.

Workers laying track for the 400-mile abakan-taishet railroad through the sayan mountains in siberia, 1960.

M, marushko, a 66 year-old peasant from the village of dobroshin in the zhukov district of western ukraine, sees a picture of joseph stalin for the first time in his life, october 1939.

Women drying grain on a kolkhoz (collective farm) in the soviet union, 1930s.

Panorama (1 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Panorama (2 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Panorama (3 of 3) of the l, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1930s.

Soviet ballet dancer, marina kondryateva, in the title role in laurencia, alexander krein's ballet based on a play by lope de vega, 1950s (?).

A young family passing by the windows of the lyudmila shop in tchkalov street in moscow, 1950s.

Scene from 'ivan the terrible' (1944-45), film by sergei eisenstein, nikolai cherkassov (left) as tsar ivan the terrible, ludmilla tselikovskaya as the tsarina, ussr.

A steam locomotive on the trans-siberian railroad in the krasnoyarsk region of russia in the 1890s, the first train in krasnoyarsk.

Joseph stalin standing on lenin's tomb in red square, reviewing the may day parade in 1952.

Joseph stalin at a may day celebration with first grade student vera kondakova, may 1, 1952, she stepped out of a column of pioneers and presented the premier with a bouquet of flowers.

Lenin's funeral, members of the politburo (joseph stalin, left front) carrying the casket into the crypt near the kremlin wall in red square, moscow, january 1924.

Lenin's funeral, members of the politburo carrying the casket into the crypt near the kremlin wall in red square, moscow, january 1924.

Soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin with khrushchev on the rostrum on lenin's tomb in red square, moscow, ussr, 1961.

The first soviet steam-and-internal combustion locomotive with it's inventor and chief builders, november 1939, (left to right) d, lvov, l, maizel (inventor), and p, soroka.

Corner of 25th october prospect (nevsky prospect) and july 3rd street (sadovaya street) in leningrad, early 1930s.

A meeting of the working people of the molotov election district of moscow, held here on the occasion of vyacheslav molotov's consent to stand for elections in this district, ussr, february 1950.

Afghan air force mikoyan-gurevich mig-15 fighters and ilyushin il-28 bombers at kabul, afghanistan, during the visit of the u,s, president dwight d, eisenhower, 9-14 december 1959.

Sergei mironovich kirov, the study of kirov's apartment in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

Sergei mironovich kirov, kirov's study at the smolny in leningrad, ussr, 1939.

Sergei mikhalkov, soviet poet and playwright, co-author with stalin of the soviet national anthem, 1950.

Oil fields of baku, azerbaijan ssr, 1920s.

The house in which joseph stalin was born and spent his childhood in gori, georgia.

Sergei mironovich kirov (left) and mikhail frunze in baku in april 1925.

A demonstration / parade of the working people in red square in moscow on november 7, 1950, the sportsmen are carrying soviet flags and an image of stalin.

Malnourished croatian and bosnian muslim prisoners of war in manjaca, the largest serbian concentration camp, serbia, 1992.

Top - a view of gori, the town in georgia where joseph stalin was born, december 21, 1879, bottom - the house in which stalin was born and spent his childhood, right - a group of gori school children, stalin is on the lower right.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949, (left to right: politburo member l,m, kaganovich; chairman mao zedong; armed forces minister marshal n,a, bulganin; stalin; walter ulbricht, deputy premier of the east german government; j, cedenbal; n,s, khrushchev, chief of the ukrainian council of ministers; i, koplenig).

Portrait of russian singer fyodor shalyapin in the mid 1890s.

Command post of 235 nevelsk regiment on the front line during the russian civil war, spring, 1920, cavalry.

The ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york at night.

The ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york.

Unemployed day laborers in front of an employment agency in moscow in the 1890s.

Sergei mikhalkov, soviet poet and playwright, co-author with stalin of the soviet national anthem, photo: 1946.

Participants in the annual physiacal culture parade standing under a portrait of joseph stalin near red square in moscow, ussr, 1930s.

The boiko's tank unit receives new js-122 (joseph stalin 122) heavy tanks, 1942, tank commander, junior lieutenant alexandra boiko and her husband, driver/mechanic ivan boiko.

Russian emissaries inviting rurik to come and rule over russia.

War time restoration of the krasnodar machine tool manufacturing plant is under way, a vertical boring and turning machine, assembled by a, bershadsky and his crew, is completed 20 days ahead of schedule, ussr 1940s.

Bolshevik leader sergei mironovich kirov speaking at the 17th congress of the all-union communist party of bolsheviks in february 1934, ordzhonikidze is behind him on the left.

Soviet military commanders klement voroshilov (left) and semyon budonny (budenny) in 1919, they led the first cavalry army in the civil war period.

Council of women's international democratic federation holds session in moscow, november 1949, eslanda robeson, vice-president of the american women's congress, and people's artist of the uzbek republic temars khanum, during the intermission between sittings of the session.

Members of the diplomatic corps with friends and family in red square, watching a demonstration, mrs, joseph davies, wife of the american ambassador to the ussr, is in the center (w/ light hat & cape), 1930s.

L, beria, g, malenkov, and a,mikoyan on the rostrum on lenin's tomb during a may day demonstration in red square, moscow, ussr, may 1, 1949.

Capture of two swedish ships by russian navy of peter the great, 1703.

A crew of young women workers, headed by mari volkova (right), have just finished their shift and are reading the results of the high output competition, volkova and her girlfriends are in second place, the heading of the 'exhibition board' reads 'fulfillment quota for oil output from, ,,', 1940s.

The russian delegation including leo trotsky, being greeted by the germans upon their arrival at brest-litovsk, december 27, 1917.

A monument to sergei mironovich kirov in leningrad, 1939.

Portrait of russian revolutionary writer and philosopher, alexander radishchev (1749 - 1802), by a, laktionov.

Leon trotsky speaking at the tomb of victims of an explosion at the head quarters of the moscow city committee of the russian communist party of bolsheviks, leontyevsky lane, moscow, soviet union.

A monument to sergei mironovich kirov in kazan, tatar autonomous republic, it stands in front of the building of the chemical technological institute bearing his name, this building once housed a technical school that kirov attended, october 1949.

Ekaterina dzhugashvili, joseph stalin's mother.

Admiral a,v, kolchak (1873-1920), leader of counter revolutionary forces against the bolsheviks, reviews white army soldiers at the front in fall of 1919, russian civil war.

A young russian couple walk through the halls of a moscow museum, art gallery, ussr, 1960s.

Kirghiz red army cavalrymen bringing soviet power to central asia, 1930s.

Illustration of gogol's 'dead souls,' chichikov (left) visits puyushkin (plushkin), woodcut by agin, 1846.

Red army soldiers of the first cavalry army, commanded by semyon budyonny (budenny) at a rally in 1920, russia, civil war.

Soviet writer and satirist, mikhail zoshchenko in the early 1950s.

St, isaac's cathedral in leningrad, july 1931.

Tsar ivan lli (ivan the great).

August kirchenstein, chairman of the presidium of the supreme soviet of the latvian ssr receiving visitors on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of soviet latvia, june 1950.

Joseph stalin giving a speach at a session of the commission for studying the project of the model constitution of agricultural artels during the second all-union congress of collective farm shock-workers, april 1935.

The arrival of dimitry donskoi to meet with segei radonezhsky before the battle of kulikovo, 16th century.

President of yugoslavia josip broz tito during his closing address to the conference of the league of communists, belgrade, yugoslavia, january 1972.

The most popular business suit this season is worn with a warm vest of harmonizing color,' moscow, ussr, late 1950s or early 1960s.

Ramon mercader (viktor merkeder) assassinated leon trotsky on august 20, 1940 in mexico, mercader in prison in mexico in 1950.

Valerian v, kuybyshev (1888-1935), soviet politician, chairman of supreme council of the national economy (1928-1930).

Vladimir lenin in 1922, after his stroke.

Alexander kerensky's last speech at the pre-parliament on november 6, 1917, the day before the break-out of the socialist revolution.

Vladimir lenin with his wife, nadezhda krupskaya, in september 1922.

Propaganda photo of josef stalin as benevolent father figure with eleven year old mamlakat nakhangova, a schoolgirl from the lakhuti collective farm, stalinabad region, tajikistan soviet republic, kremlin palace, moscow, ussr, december 1935.

L, kaganovich oil fields in baku, azerbaijan ssr, late 1930s.

News reel of joseph stalin watching a may day parade in red square, moscow, 1949.

A portrait of tsar nicholas ll with his son alexei wearing military uniforms in 1915.

Zeljko raznjatovic, nicknamed arkan, leader of serbian volunteer force fighting croatian forces in krajina (kraina) region, 1993, yugoslavia.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze) speaking and giving details of the program for developement of basic industries under the new five-year-plan at the congress of the russian communist party.

50 meter high monument to josef stalin erected in the armenian capital of yerevan, 1951, the monument was built by sculptor and people's artist of the ussr, s, merkurov and architect, r, izraelian who were both awarded the stalin prize for their efforts.

Five leaders of decembrist uprising of 1825, left to right: p,i, pestel, k, f, rileyev, m,p, bestuzhev-riumin, s,i, muravyev-apostol, p,g, kakhovsky, all five were executed by order of tsar nicholas the first, russia.

Russian peasants with typhus in the nizhni novgorod region in the early 1900s.

The voting in of k,p, orlovsky as the head of the 'rasvyet' kolkhoz, 1944.

Workers studying diagrams indicating the output accomplished at the blast furnace shop of the magnitogorsk iron and steel works.

The entrance to the national hotel in moscow, february 1947, the moscow hotel is on the other side of the street.

Nikolai alekseyevich voznesensky, chairman of the state planning commission of the ussr, speaking at the joint session of the supreme soviet of the ussr and the soviet of nationalities, seated behind him on the presidium are (l to r): ch, aslanova and p, levitsky, vice-chairmen of the soviet of nationalities, a, zhdanov, chairman of the soviet of the union, t, lysenko and n, undasynov, vice-chairmen of the soviet of the union.

The house in the village of kurejka (1939) in the turukhansk district of the krasnoyarsk territory, where joseph stalin lived during the years of his exile by the tsarist government 1913 - 1917.

40th anniversary of the gorky academic art theater of the ussr in moscow, people's artist of the ussr, leonid leonidov, at work on his production of maxim gorky's play 'dostigayev and others', october 1938.

Song festival in riga, sport performance of the pupils of the training institutions of the administration of labor reserves of the latvian ssr on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of soviet latvia, july 1950.

Joseph stalin, around 1939, in his office in the kremlin, moscow, ussr.

Berlin, east germany, gdr, 1979, the new palace hotel with restaurant and shopping complex nears completion.

A general view of kurejka (1939) in the turukhansk district of the krasnoyarsk territory, where joseph stalin was exiled by the tsarist government 1913 - 1917.

A party meeting at the 'paris commune' plant in moscow during the campaign to cleanse the communist party of hostile elements, september 1933.

Comrade solovyov, the secretary of the communist party branch at the krasny putilovets plant, undergoing questioning duing the campaign to cleanse the cp of hostile elements, leningrad, 1933, the banner reads: 'a communist is obliged to be truthful and honest before the party'.

The log cabin in which joseph stalin lived during his exile in solvychegodsk (vologda province) in 1910.

V,i, lenin, m,i, kalinin, i,v, stalin in a group of delegates of the 8th meeting of the bolshevik communist party in moscow, march 1919.

A portrait of russian composer, sergei v, rachmaninov, from 1936.

Nevsky prospect and sadovaya street in leningrad, july 1947.

A view of gori, the town in georgia where joseph stalin was born, december 21, 1879.

A woman trying on shoes in the footware department of a moscow department store, december 1947.

The house in gori, soviet georgia where joseph stalin was born - now a museum, 1948.

Moscow residents lining up at a canteen of the moscow public catering committee in 1921.

With the eyes of glasnost' sign reads: 'glasnost' cartoon from krokodil magazine p, kulichin and g, sochi.

Painting 'the knight at the crossroad' by v,m, vaznetsov, ilya of murom, according to legend, in service of vladimir of kiev, 1953.

A,i, mikoyan with walter ulbricht, first deputy prime minister of the gdr, during his visit to east germany in april 1958.

Museum workers at the hermitage museum in leningrad work to save the priceless art treasures damaged by nazi shelling of the building, seige of leningrad, world war 2.

Pyotr tchaikovsky, famous russian composer.

Sargeant andrei lavenkov training new sharpshooters during the battle with finland, 1940s (late?).

Rear admiral ivan pananin, chief administrator of the northern sea route, 1944, world war 2, ussr, famous leader of 1930s soviet polar expeditions.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze), people's commissar of heavy industry with josef stalin welcoming a delegation from the georgian soviet socialist republic to moscow on march 19, 1936.

Composer sergei prokofiev in chicago, 1919.

Unemployed men at the hitrov market in moscow in the 1890s.

Communist leaders from two continents at the bolshoi theater in moscow at a meeting in honor of josef stalin's 70th birthday on december 21, 1949

State prosecutor, andrei vyshinsky reading the charges at a purge trial in the late 1930's.

The ussr pavillion at the 1939 world's fair in new york.

An aerial view of the opera house and surrounding streets, odessa, ukrainian ssr, late 1940s.

Council of women's international democratic federation holds session in moscow, november 1949, eslanda robeson, vice-president of the american women's congress, addressing the session.

Tunguska, tree top shorn off by the force of the blast from the tunguska meteorite that hit in the siberian taiga in 1908, picture is from 1938.

Vagabonds from the volga area in 19th century russia.

Post-war donbass heals it's wounds, setting up a cylindrical head-frame, designed by engineer zherbin, at the dzerzhinsky colliery no, 12 in donbass, ussr, 1940s.

A tar worker at the market in lyskovo, russia in 1898.

A drawing showing dimitri ivanovich mendeleev making a balloon flight in 1887 to study the upper strata of the atmosphere.

The gorky machine tool works is functioning again in kiev, complex automatic multi-spindle machine tools are assembled in this shop of the gorky works, october 1947.

The all-union agricultural exhibition in moscow, august 1939, visitors to the exhibition examining specimens of a couch-grass / wheat hybrid (developed by member of the academy of sciences, tsitsin) at the demonstration field of the grain pavillion, in the background is a newly erected statue of stalin.

The novolipetsk iron and steel mills under construction near the kursk magnetic anomaly, the plant will be the major metal supplier for the central and southern regions of the european part of the country, late 1940s.

Grigoriy konstantinovich ordzhonikidze (sergo ordzhonikidze) when he was a student of the bolshevik party school in longjumeau, 1911.

Spasso house, the residence of the us ambassador to the soviet union, walter b, smith, in moscow, ussr, late 1940s.

Aleksandr nikolayevich shelepin, cpsu central committee secretary, head of the kgb from 1958-1961, he was one of four officials promoted to the rank of deputy premier by khrushchev in 1962.

The boiko's tank unit receives new js-122 (joseph stalin 122) heavy tanks, 1942, tank commander, junior lieutenant alexandra boiko and her husband, driver/mechanic ivan boiko.

Siberian taiga forest that was flattened by the blast from the tunguska meteorite near where the meteorite fell in 1908, this picture was taken during professor leonid kulik's 1938 expedition to investigate the event.

A family strolling under the benificent gaze of a sculpture of josef stalin, 'the great continuer of lenin's cause' on one of the central thoroughfares of stalinogorsk, in the moscow coal basin, ussr, 1950.

The boiko's tank unit receives new js-122 (joseph stalin 122) heavy tanks, 1942, tank commander, junior lieutenant alexandra boiko and her husband, driver/mechanic ivan boiko, the unit commander entrusts the boiko crew with their tank.

Tank commander, junior lieutenant alexandra boiko, speaking to attendees of the fourth soviet women's anti-fascist meeting on august 20, 1944 at the tchaikovsky concert hall in moscow.